The reality of any relocation in Vanuatu is that it is mostly done in the context of kastom (community-based culture), as 97% of land in Vanuatu is under customary tenure. The state’s role in managing disaster-induced displacement is nuanced due to its overlap with customary institutions serving a similar function. Cultural systems must therefore be effectively integrated if disaster risk management is to be successful.

https://pireport.org/2024/10/23/wokbaot-wetem-kalja-working-with-culture-in-disaster-risk-management-in-vanuatu/